User:Thhist/List of Norwegian monarchs
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_Norway_%281924%29_non_crown.png/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Norway_%281924%29_non_crown.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Royal_Wedding_Stockholm_2010-Konserthuset-411.jpg/200px-Royal_Wedding_Stockholm_2010-Konserthuset-411.jpg)
The list of Norwegian monarchs begins in 872, the traditional dating of the Battle of Hafrsfjord, after which victor Harald Fairhair united many of the Norwegian petty kingdoms into a single kingdom. Harald's realm was later to be known as the Kingdom of Norway. Harald was thus the founder of the first royal house on Norway's throne, the so-called Fairhair dynasty. Although this house became patrilineally extinct already when Harald's grandson Harald II died in 970,[1] most of the Norwegian monarchs until 1387 have traditionally been regarded as part of the Fairhair dynasty. Modern scholars have however largely rejected this view, and shifted towards seeing the later kings as forming their own dynasties, the most important which were the Hardrada dynasty and Sverre dynasty.
Aside from short periods under the Danish king in the late 10th and early 11th century, Norway was ruled as an independent kingdom until the 14th century. In addition to sporadic conflicts between individual kings and branches, the rivalry over the Norwegian kingship was most dividing between 1130 and 1240, during what is known as the civil war era. During this period, the two parties called the Birkebeiner (rioting commoners) and Bagler (members of the Norwegian nobility) fought over the kingship, although the Birkebeiner generally held most power and ultimately prevailed.
In 1387, Norway became part of the so-called Kalmar Union, in which Norway, Denmark and Sweden were united under the same monarch. Norway's throne was inherited by the Danish king Christian I in 1450, and thereafter possessed by Copenhagen-based monarchs until 1814, bringing the kingdoms of Norway and of Denmark into a personal union, known as Denmark–Norway.[2] Norway finally gained constitutional independence with a constitutional monarchy in 1814, ending the absolutism of 1660, and elected the Danish king's son, the Christian Frederick, as Norway's king. After several months, however, the king was forced to abdicate, and the throne was given to Charles XIII of Sweden (Charles II in Norway), which brought the kingdoms of Norway and of Sweden into a personal union, the Union between Sweden and Norway.[3] In 1905, the union ended, and Norway has since then been ruled by members of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.[2]
Especially between 1450 and 1905, the Danish and Swedish kings of Norway possessed and used several other titles, among others King of the Goths, King of the Wends, Duke to Sleswick, Duke to Holsatia, Prince to Rügen, and Count to Oldenburg. They called themselves "King to Norway" (Konge til Norge), indicating that the country was theirs, usually with the style His Royal Majesty. With the introduction of the constitutional monarchy in 1814, the traditional style "by God's Grace" was extended to "by God's Grace and after the Kingdom's Constitution", but was only briefly in use. The last king to use the style "by God's Grace" was Haakon VII, who died in 1957. The King's title today is formally "Norway's King" (Norges Konge), indicating that he is the country's king, with the style "His Majesty". A construction like "King of Norway" (Konge av Norge) is formally incorrect in Norwegian.
Rulers of Norway
[edit]P | Period of rulership |
---|---|
I | Independent period |
D | Union with Denmark |
S | Union with Sweden |
DS | Union with Denmark and Sweden |
R | Interregnum |
Fairhair dynasty
[edit]Besides becoming sole king after his father's death, Eric Bloodaxe was king jointly with his father for three years before his death. After Harald's death, Eric ruled as "overking" of his brothers, who also held status as kings and had control over certain regions.[4] Harald Greycloak also ruled as "overking" of his brothers.[5] All dates for the kings of the Fairhair dynasty are approximate and/or just scholarly estimates. Slight differences might therefore occur between different sources. The following table uses the dates given in Norsk biografisk leksikon/Store norske leksikon.
P | Name, reign | Portrait | Birth | Death | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Harald I Fairhair c. 872 –932 |
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c. 850/860 Son of Halfdan the Black and Ragnhild |
c. 932 Rogaland |
|
[6] |
I | Eric I Haraldsson Bloodaxe c. 929–934 |
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c. 895 Son of Harald I and Ragnhild Eriksdotter |
c. 952/4 England |
|
[4] |
I | Haakon I Haraldsson the Good c. 934–961 |
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c. 915–920 Håkonshella, Hordaland Son of Harald I and Tora Mosterstong |
c. 961 Håkonshella, Hordaland |
|
[7] |
I | Harald II Ericsson Greycloak c. 961–970 |
– | c. 935 Son of Eric I and Gunnhild Gormsdatter |
c. 970 Limfjord, Denmark |
|
[5][8] |
Danish rule
[edit]The Danish king Harald Bluetooth had himself hailed as king of Norway after the Battle of Fitjar (c. 961). Besides gaining direct control of Viken in south-eastern Norway, he let Harald Greycloak rule the rest of Norway as king, nominally under himself. Harald Bluetooth later switched his support to Harald Greycloak's rival, Haakon Sigurdsson, Earl of Lade, who eventually captured Harald Greycloak's kingdom. Haakon thereafter ruled Norway (except Viken), at first nominally under Harald. All dates are estimates and subject to interpretations.[9] Haakon is generally held as the ruler of Norway from 970 to 995.[10]
P | Name, reign | Portrait | Birth | Death | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D | Harald Bluetooth 961 – c. 980[11] (de jure) |
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c. 925/35[citation needed] Son of Gorm the Old and Thyra |
987 latest Jomsborg |
|
[12][13] |
R | Earl Haakon Sigurdsson 965/70–995[11] (de facto) |
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c. 935 Trondheim Son of Sigurd Haakonsson and Bergljot Toresdatter |
995 Rimul |
|
[10] |
Fairhair dynasty, Vigen branch
[edit]P | Name, reign | Portrait | Birth | Death | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Olaf I Tryggvason 995–1000 |
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968 Son of Tryggve Olafsson and Astrid Eiriksdottir |
c. 1000 Svolder |
|
[14] |
Danish rule (restored)
[edit]After the Battle of Svolder, the Danes recaptured Norway under Sweyn Forkbeard. As before, the Danes controlled the petty kingdoms of Viken as vassals, while the two Earls of Lade, Eric Haakonsson and Sweyn Haakonsson, ruled Western Norway and Trøndelag, nominally as earls under Sweyn.[15] Eric is generally held as the de facto ruler of Norway from 1000 to 1015, together with his brother Sweyn, a lesser known figure, with whom he shared his power.[16]
P | Name, reign | Portrait | Birth | Death | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D | Sweyn Forkbeard 1000–1013[11] (de jure) |
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c. 960 Son of Harald Bluetooth and Tove of the Obotrites |
3 February 1014 Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England |
|
[17][18] |
R | Earl Eric Haakonsson 1000–1015[11] (de facto) |
c. 964 Son of Haakon Sigurdsson and Gunhild Mieszcosdatter |
c. 1024 England |
|
[16] | |
R | Earl Sweyn Haakonsson 1000–1015[11] (de facto) |
c. 970 Son of Haakon Sigurdsson and Thora Skagesdatter |
c. 1016 Russia |
|
[19] |
Fairhair dynasty, Vestfold branch
[edit]P | Name, reign | Portrait | Birth | Death | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Olaf II Haraldsson the Saint Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae 1015–1028 |
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c. 995 Ringerike Son of Harald Grenske and Åsta Gudbrandsdatter |
29 July 1030 Stiklestad aged 44–45 |
|
[20][21] |
Dnaish rule (restored, second time)
[edit]P | Name, reign | Portrait | Birth | Death | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D | Cnut the Great 1028–1035 |
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c. 995 Son of Sweyn Forkbeard |
12 November 1035 Shaftesbury, England |
|
[11][22][23] |
R | Earl Haakon Ericsson 1028–1029 (de facto) |
c. 998 Son of Eric Haakonsson and Gytha Svendsdatter |
1029 Pentland Firth |
|
[24][25][26] | |
D | Sweyn Knutsson (with Ælfgifu) 1030–1035 |
c. 1015 Son of Cnut the Great and Ælfgifu of Northampton |
c. 1035 |
|
[11][27] |
Fairhair dynasty, Vestfold branch (restored)
[edit]P | Name, reign | Portrait | Birth | Death | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Magnus I Olafsson the Good 1035–1047 |
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c. 1024 Son of Olaf II and Alfhild |
25 October 1047 Zealand, Denmark (age 25) |
|
[28][29] |
Hardrada dynasty
[edit]P | Name, reign | Portrait | Birth | Death | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Harald III Sigurdsson Hardrada 1046–1066 |
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c. 1015 Ringerike, Norway Son of Sigurd Syr and Åsta Gudbrandsdatter |
25 September 1066 Stamford Bridge, England (age 50–51) |
|
[30][31] |
I | Magnus II Haraldsson 1066–1069 |
c. 1049 Son of Harald III and Tora Torbergsdatter |
28 April 1069 Nidaros, Norway (age 19–20) |
|
[32] | |
I | Olaf III Haraldsson Kyrre 1067–1093 |
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c. 1050 Son of Harald III and Tora Torbergsdatter |
22 September 1093 Haukbø, Ranrike (now Håkeby, Sweden) (age 42–43) |
|
[32] |
I | Haakon Magnusson Toresfostre 1093–1095 |
c. 1069 Son of Magnus II |
1095 Dovrefjell (age 25–26) |
|
[33] | |
I | Magnus III Olafsson Barefoot 1093–1103 |
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c. 1073 Son of Olaf III and Tora Arnesdatter |
24 August 1103 Ulster, Ireland (age 29–30) |
|
[34] |
I | Olaf Magnusson 1103–1115 |
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c. 1098 Son of Magnus III and Sigrid Saxesdatter |
22 December 1115 Nidaros, Norway (age 16–17) |
[35] | |
I | Eystein I Magnusson 1103–1123 |
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c. 1088 Son of Magnus III |
29 August 1123 Hustad, Fræna (age 34–35) |
|
[36] |
I | Sigurd I Magnusson the Crusader 1103–1130 |
c. 1089 Son of Magnus III and Tora |
26 March 1130 Oslo (age 40–41) |
|
[37] | |
I | Magnus IV Sigurdsson the Blind 1130–1135 1137–1139 |
c. 1115 Son of Sigurd I and Borghild Olavsdatter |
12 November 1139 Holmengrå (age 23–23) |
|
[38] |
Gille dynasty
[edit]P | Name, reign | Portrait | Birth | Death | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Harald IV Magnusson Gille 1130–1136 |
– | c. 1102 Ireland/Hebrides Claimed son of Magnus III |
14 December 1136 Bergen (age 32–33) |
|
[39] |
I | Sigurd II Haraldsson Munn 1136–1155 |
– | c. 1133 Son of Harald IV and Thora Guttormsdatter |
10 June 1155 Bergen (age 21–22) |
|
[40] |
I | Inge I Haraldsson the Hunchback 1136–1161 |
– | c. 1135 Son of Harald IV and Ingrid of Sweden |
4 February 1161 Oslo (age 25–26) |
|
[41] |
I | Eystein II Haraldsson 1142–1157 |
– | c. 1125 Shetland/Orkney/Hebrides Son of Harald IV and Biadoc |
21 August 1157 Ranrike (now Bohuslän) (age 31–32) |
|
[42] |
I | Magnus Haraldsson 1142–1145 |
– | c. 1135 Son of Harald IV |
c. 1145 Norway |
|
[43][44][45] |
I | Haakon II Sigurdsson the Broadshouldered 1157–1162 |
– | c. 1147 Son of Sigurd II and Thora |
7 July 1162 Sekken, Romsdalen (age 14–15) |
|
[46] |
Hardrada dynasty (restored), cognatic branch
[edit]P | Name, reign | Portrait | Birth | Death | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Magnus V Erlingsson 1161–1184 |
– | c. 1156 Son of Erling Skakke and Kristin Sigurdsdatter |
15 June 1184 Fimreite (age 27–28) |
|
[47] |
Sverre dynasty
[edit]P | Name, reign | Portrait | Birth | Death | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Sverre Sigurdsson 1184–1202 |
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c. 1151 Bergen Claimed son of Sigurd II and Gunnhild |
9 March 1202 Bergen (age 50–51) |
|
[48] |
I | Haakon III Sverresson 1202–1204 |
– | Before 1185 Son of Sverre |
1 January 1204 Bergen |
|
[49] |
I | Guttorm Sigurdsson 1204 |
– | c. 1199 Son of Sigurd Lavard |
11 August 1204 Nidaros (age 4–5) |
|
[50] |
Gille dynasty, cognatic branch
[edit]P | Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Inge II Bårdsson 1204–1217 |
– | c. 1185 Rissa son of Bård Guttormsson and Cecilia Sigurdsdatter |
never married | 23 April 1217 Nidaros aged 31–32 |
Sverre dynasty
[edit]P | Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Haakon IV Haakonsson Haakon the Old 1217–1263 |
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c. 1204 Folkenborg illegitimate son of Haakon III and Inga of Varteig |
Margrete Skulesdatter 25 May 1225 Bergen four children |
16 December 1263 Kirkwall aged 58–59 |
I | Haakon Haakonsson Haakon the Young 1240–1257 |
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10 November 1232 Bergen second son of Haakon IV and Margrete Skulesdatter |
Rikissa Birgersdotter c. 1251 Oslo one son |
5 May 1257 Tønsberg aged 24 |
I | Magnus VI Haakonsson Magnus the Law-mender 1257–1280 |
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1 May 1238 Tønsberg third son of Haakon IV and Margrete Skulesdatter |
Ingeborg of Denmark 11 September 1261 Bergen four sons |
9 May 1280 Bergen aged 42 |
I | Eric II Magnusson 1273–1299 |
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c. 1268 Bergen third son of Magnus VI and Ingeborg of Denmark |
(1) Margaret of Scotland September 1281 Bergen one daughter (2) Isabel Bruce bef. 25 September 1293 Bergen one daughter |
15 July 1299 Bergen aged 30–31 |
I | Haakon V Magnusson 1299–1319 |
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10 April 1270 Tönsberg fourth son of Magnus VI and Ingeborg of Denmark |
(1) Isabelle de Joigny 1295 no issues (2) Euphemia of Rügen c. 1299 one daughter |
8 May 1319 Tunsberg aged 49 |
House of Bjelbo
[edit]P | Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | Magnus VII Eriksson August 1319– 15 August 1343 (deposed) |
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c. 1316 Norway or Stockholm only son of Eric, Duke of Södermanland and Ingeborg of Norway |
Blanche of Namur 5 November 1335 Bohus Castle two sons |
1 December 1374 Lyngholmen aged 58 |
S | Haakon VI Magnusson 1343–1380 |
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15 August 1340 Sweden second son of Magnus IV and Blanche of Namur |
Margaret of Denmark 9 April 1363 Church of Our Lady one son |
11 September 1380 Akershus Castle aged 40 |
I | |||||
D | Olaf IV Haakonsson 1380–1387 |
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December 1370 Akershus Castle only son of Haakon VI of Norway and Margaret I |
never married | 23 August 1387 Falsterbo Castle aged 16 |
House of Estridsen
[edit]P | Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DS | Margaret 1380–1412 (de facto) |
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c. 1353 Vordingborg Castle youngest daughter of Valdemar IV and Helvig of Schleswig |
Haakon VI of Norway 9 April 1363 Church of Our Lady one son |
28 October 1412 Ship on Flensburg Fjord aged 58–59 |
House of Pomerania
[edit]P | Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Eric III 8 September 1389–1442 (deposed) with Sigurd Jonsson |
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c. 1381/82 Rügenwalde Castle only son of Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania and Mary of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
Philippa of England 26 October 1406 Lund Cathedral no issue |
3 May 1459 Rügenwalde Castle aged 76–78 |
DS |
House of Palatinate-Neumarkt
[edit]P | Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DS | Christopher 4 June 1442– 5/6 January 1448 |
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26 February 1416 Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz fifth son of John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt and Catherine of Pomerania |
Dorothea of Brandenburg 12 September 1445 Copenhagen no issue |
5/6 January 1448 Kärnan Castile aged 31 | |
R | Interregnum (1448–1449) Sigurd Jonsson as regent |
House of Bonde
[edit]P | Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | Charles I 20 November 1449– June 1450 (abdicated) |
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5 October 1409 Ekholmen Castle only son of Knut Tordsson Bonde and Margareta Karlsdotter Sparre |
(1) Birgitta Bielke before 1 March 1429 two children (2) Katarina Gumsehuvud 5 October 1438 Stockholm nine children (3) Christina Abrahamsdotter c. 1470 Stockholm Castle two children |
14 May 1470 Stockholm Castle aged 60 |
House of Oldenburg
[edit]House of Holstein-Gottorp
[edit]P | Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | Charles II 4 November 1814– 5 February 1818 |
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7 October 1748 Stockholm Palace second son of Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia |
Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp 7 July 1774 Stockholm Cathedral two children |
5 February 1818 Stockholm Palace aged 69 |
House of Bernadotte
[edit]P | Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | Charles III John 5 February 1818– 8 March 1844 |
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26 January 1763 Pau son of Jean Henri Bernadotte and Jeanne de Saint Vincent |
Désirée Clary 17 August 1798 Sceaux one son |
8 March 1844 Stockholm Palace aged 81 | |
S | Oscar I 8 March 1844– 8 July 1859 |
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4 July 1799 Paris only son of Charles III John and Désirée Clary |
Josephine of Leuchtenberg 19 June 1823 Stockholm Cathedral five children |
8 July 1859 Stockholm Palace aged 60 | |
S | Charles IV 8 July 1859– 18 September 1872 |
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3 May 1826 Stockholm Palace eldest son of Oscar I and Josephine of Leuchtenberg |
Louise of the Netherlands 19 June 1850 Stockholm Cathedral two children |
18 September 1872 Malmö aged 46 | |
S | Oscar II 18 September 1872– 7 June 1905 or 26 October 1905 |
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21 January 1829 Stockholm Palace third son of Oscar I and Josephine of Leuchtenberg |
Sophia of Nassau 6 June 1857 Biebrich Palace four children |
8 December 1907 Stockholm Palace aged 78 | |
R | Interregnum (7 June/26 October 1905–18 November 1905) Christian Michelsen as Prime Minister |
House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
[edit]In 1905 Prince Carl of Denmark was elected King of Norway and took the name Haakon VII for himself and Olav for his son.
P | Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriages | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Haakon VII 18 November 1905– 21 September 1957 |
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3 August 1872 Charlottenlund Palace second son of Frederick VIII of Denmark and Louise of Sweden |
Maud of Wales 22 July 1896 Buckingham Palace one son |
21 September 1957 Royal Palace, Oslo aged 85 |
I | Olav V 21 September 1957– 17 January 1991 |
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2 July 1903 Sandringham House only son of Haakon VII and Maud of Wales |
Märtha of Sweden 21 March 1929 Oslo Cathedral three children |
17 January 1991 The Royal Lodge, Holmenkollen aged 87 |
I | Harald V 17 January 1991– present |
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21 February 1937 Skaugum only son of Olav V and Märtha of Sweden |
Sonja Haraldsen 29 August 1968 Oslo Cathedral two children |
Incumbent |
See also
[edit]- Kings of Norway family tree
- Line of succession to the Norwegian Throne
- List of Norwegian consorts
- Monarchy of Norway
- Pretenders to the Norwegian throne
- Regents of Norway
- Royal mottos of Norwegian monarchs
- Royal coronations in Norway
- Viceroy of Norway
Notes and references
[edit]- General references
- "List of Norwegian kings" (in Norwegian). The Royal Court. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
- Carlyle, Thomas (1875). The Early Kings of Norway: Also an Essay on the Portraits of John Knox. Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-1-4068-4287-6. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
- Notes
- ^ Aschehougs Norgeshistorie, vol. 2, p. 92.
- ^ a b "History". The Royal Court. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
- ^ "Union with Sweden in 1814". The Royal Court. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
- ^ a b Krag, Claus. "Eirik 1 Haraldsson Blodøks". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ a b Krag, Claus. "Harald 2 Eiriksson Gråfell". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ Krag, Claus. "Harald 1 Hårfagre". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ Krag, Claus. "Håkon 1 Adalsteinsfostre". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ "Harald 2 Gråfell". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 October 2012.
- ^ Krag, Claus (1995). Vikingtid og rikssamling: 800-1130. Aschehougs norgeshistorie. Vol. 2. pp. 99–101. ISBN 8203220150.
- ^ a b Sandnes, Jørn. "Håkon Sigurdsson". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2 November 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g Krag, Claus (1995). Vikingtid og rikssamling: 800-1130. Aschehougs norgeshistorie. Vol. 2. p. 101. ISBN 8203220150.
- ^ Blom, Grethe Authen. "Harald 1 Blåtand". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2 November 2012.
- ^ "Harald 1. Blåtand". Den store danske (in Danish). Retrieved 2 November 2012.
- ^ Krag, Claus. "Olav 1 Tryggvason". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ^ Krag, Claus (1995). Vikingtid og rikssamling: 800-1130. Aschehougs norgeshistorie. Vol. 2. p. 103. ISBN 8203220150.
- ^ a b Krag, Claus. "Eirik Håkonsson". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ^ "Svend 1. Tveskæg". Den store danske (in Danish). Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ^ "Svend 1 Tveskæg". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ^ Krag, Claus. "Svein Håkonsson". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 3 November 2012.
- ^ "Olav 2 Haraldsson Den Hellige author=Norseng, Per G." Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Krag, Claus. "Olav 2 Haraldsson Den Hellige". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ "Knud 2. den Store". Den store danske (in Danish). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ Norseng, Per G. "Knud 1 den store". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ Norseng, Per G. "Håkon Eiriksson". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ Krag, Claus. "Håkon Eiriksson". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ "… og over nordmændene og en del af sveerne ." Den store danske (in Danish). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ "Svend Alfivasen". Den store danske (in Danish). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ Norseng, Per G. "Magnus 1 den gode". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ Krag, Claus. "Magnus 1 Olavsson Den Gode". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ Norseng, Per G. "Harald 3 Hardråde". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ Krag, Claus. "Harald 3 Hardråde". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ a b Krag, Claus. "Magnus 2 Haraldsson". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ Krag, Claus. "Håkon Magnusson Toresfostre". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 5 November 2012.
- ^ Krag, Claus. "Magnus 3 Olavsson Berrføtt". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Arstad, Knut Peter Lyche. "Olav Magnusson". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Krag, Claus. "Øystein 1 Magnusson". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Krag, Claus. "Sigurd 1 Magnusson Jorsalfare". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Thuesen, Nils Petter. "Magnus 4 Sigurdsson Blinde". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Arstad, Knut Peter Lyche. "eg. Gilchrist Harald 4 Gille". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Helle, Knut. "Sigurd 2 Haraldsson Munn". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Brathetland, Bente Opheim. "Inge 1 Haraldsson Krokrygg". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Brathetland, Bente Opheim. "Øystein 2 Haraldsson". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Helle, Knut (1995). Aschehougs norgeshistorie : 1130-1350. 3 : Under kirke og kongemakt 1130-1350, p. 14. Aschehoug.
- ^ Koht, Halvdan (1940). Norsk biografisk leksikon. Aschehoug. p. 35.
- ^ Barber, Malcolm (2004). Two Cities: Medieval Europe, 1050-1320. Routledge. p. 347.
- ^ Brathetland, Bente Opheim. "Håkon 2 Sigurdsson Herdebrei". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Helle, Knut. "Magnus 5 Erlingsson". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Helle, Knut. "Sverre Sigurdsson". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Bjørgo, Narve. "Håkon 3 Sverresson". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ Helle, Knut. "Guttorm Sigurdsson". Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Retrieved 6 November 2012.